关于精益的一些概念
Lean is generally about cutting waste from a process to focus on value creation.
精益通常关注减少过程中的浪费，专注于价值创造。
Effectiveness measures the capability of producing a desired outcome, while efficiency measures to which extent the lowest amount of resources is used to produce the greatest amount of outputs.
有效性衡量产生预期结果的能力，而效率衡量用最低资源量产生最大产出量的程度。
A baker is effective if the cake he makes is tasty. But a baker is efficient only if he can make the same cake with half as much flour or half the time than his peers need.
如果一个面包师制作的蛋糕好吃，我们就说他是有效的。但只有当他用一半的面粉或者比他的同行用时少一半做出同样的蛋糕时，我们才说他是有效率的。
It is essential to understand the difference between the two because Lean aims to improve efficiency, which can free up resources to then focus on effectiveness.
理解两者之间的区别是很重要的，因为精益的目标是提高效率，这可以释放资源，然后专注于有效性。
A customer journey consists of all decision-making steps that customers follow when purchasing and using a product or service.
客户旅程包括客户在购买和使用产品或服务时遵循的所有决策步骤。
When a customer wants to get a mortgage for a house, he will start looking online at the rates he can get. Then, he will get in touch with banks to get offers, negotiate, and finally be granted a loan. All together, these steps make the customer journey.
当客户希望获得房屋抵押贷款时，他先在网上查看他可以获得的价格。 然后，他将与银行联系以获得报价，进行谈判，最后获得贷款。 这些步骤加起来组成了客户旅程。
Kaizen literally means “change for better“ or “continuous improvement“. In practice, Kaizen is the approach to test a process improvement idea by applying it to a process very quickly, adapting as you go, based on the success of the change. Kaizen is about pushing quick and dirty solutions, and then improving along the way instead of spending too long planning a potential improvement.
Kaizen 字面意思是“变得更好”或“持续改进”。 在实践中，Kaizen 是一种测试流程改进理念的方法，通过将流程改进的过程非常快速地应用于流程，并根据变更的成功进行调整。 Kaizen 致力于推动快速而恶劣的解决方案，然后一路改进，而不是花太多时间来计划一个可能的改进。
Gemba is the Japanese word referring to the place where value is created. Lean encourages manufacturing managers to spend time on the factory floor to observe how products are made in order to come up with actual useful improvements, instead of staying in their office all day. Similarly, going to the Gemba in services can mean spending time on-site to observe the interaction between employee and customer.
Gemba 是日语单词，指的是创建价值的位置。 精益鼓励制造经理花时间在工厂车间观察产品的制作方法，以便提出实际有用的改进，而不是整天待在他们的办公室。 同样，在服务中使用 Gemba 可能意味着花时间在现场观察员工与客户之间的互动。
Jidoka is about intelligent automation using machines to do the work, and humans to detect errors. If an irregular situation comes up, a worker will stop the production line, investigate what happened, and then correct the problem immediately. On top of that, the worker will install counter measures to ensure the problem never happens again.
Jidoka 是关于智能自动化的，使用机器来完成工作，而人类来检测错误。如果出现不正常情况，工人将停止生产线，调查发生了什么，然后立即纠正问题。最重要的是，工人将安装防范措施，以确保问题不会再次发生。
A minimum viable product, or MVP, is a product with just enough features to gather customer feedback and help guide the continued development of the product. You can think of it like the Kaizen of product development.
最小可行产品，或 MVP，是一种具有足够功能来收集客户反馈并帮助指导产品持续开发的产品。你可以把它想象成产品开发的改善。
The value stream mapping, or VSM, is a method used to identify activities that create value for the customer when delivering a product or service. The value stream mapping should cover all of the actions required to make a product, from the beginning until the very end.
价值流映射，或 VSM，是一种用于识别在交付产品或服务时为客户创造价值的活动的方法。价值流映射应该涵盖从开始到结束制作产品所需的所有操作。
The value stream design, or VSD, builds on the value stream mapping methodology to design a future and improved state of the value creation process. The value stream design should address pain points identified in the value stream design, and strive to eliminate waste.
价值流设计或 VSD 建立在价值流映射方法的基础上，以设计价值创造过程的未来和改进状态。价值流设计应该解决在价值流设计中确定的痛点，并努力消除浪费。
Six Sigma is a set of techniques and tools for process improvement based on statistical analysis. Six Sigma aims to reduce the variability of processes to ensure consistent quality.
六西格玛是一套基于统计分析的流程改进技术和工具。 六西格玛旨在减少流程的可变性，以确保一致的质量。
Just-in-Time is an approach coming from manufacturing that aims to decrease inventory and lead time by synchronizing manufacturing with customer demand. This approach can also be applied to the production of services.
无库存制是一种来自制造业的方法，旨在通过制造与客户需求同步来减少库存和交货时间。 这种方法也可以应用于提供的服务。